Following the defeat of the
Ottoman Empire in
World War I, the
League of Nations granted the
British and the
French temporary colonial administration over former Ottoman provinces south of present day
Turkey. These regions had been called
vilayets under the Ottomans, but were referred to as
mandates at the time, after the process that allocated them. The two powers drew arbitrary borders, dividing the area into four sections. Three of these —
Iraq,
Syria, and
Lebanon — survive to this day as states.
The fourth section was created from what had been known as "southern Syria". The region was officially named the
British Mandate of Palestine, and was called "Falastin" in
Arabic and "Palestina (
E.I.)" in
Hebrew. The British revised its borders repeatedly, but under the direction of
Winston Churchill the region was divided along the
Jordan River, forming two administrative regions. The portion east of the Jordan River was then known as
Transjordan, and later became the
Kingdom of Jordan. The area to the west of the Jordan retained the former name of Palestine.
At that time (1922) the population of Palestine consisted of approximately 589,200
Muslims, 83,800
Jews, 71,500
Christians and 7,600 others (1922 census}.
[1] However, this area gradually saw a large influx of Jewish immigrants (most of whom were fleeing the increasing persecution in
Europe). This immigration and accompanying call for a
Jewish state in Palestine drew violent opposition from local
Arabs, in part because of
Zionism's stated goal of a Jewish state, which many Arabs believed would require the subjugation or the removal of the existing non-Jewish population.
Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism, at one time wrote that the indigenous population could be motivated to leave if they were given jobs in other countries. Herzl also wrote about the possibility of a harmonious partnership of Jews, Arabs and Christians in which Jewish capital and expertise would transform Palestine from its third world status into an advanced society where all would benefit. Some Zionists, such as
Vladimir Jabotinsky, believed in
Revisionist Zionism. Jabotinsky wrote in
The Iron Wall (1923) that an agreement with the Arabs was impossible, and that military force would be required to establish a Jewish state. Other Zionists believed in
Labor Zionism, and had strong socialist leanings. They organized the labor movement in Palestine, and joined with the Palestinian masses in campaigns for improved wages and working conditions.
Under the leadership of
Haj Amin al-Husayni, the
Grand Mufti of
Jerusalem, the local Arabs rebelled against the British, and attacked the growing Jewish population repeatedly. These sporadic attacks began with the
riots in Palestine of 1920 and
Jaffa riots (or "Hurani Riots") of 1921. During the
1929 Palestine riots, 67 Jews were massacred in
Hebron, and the survivors were evacuated by the British.