A gang of German pensioners have been found guilty of kidnapping their financial advisor after their investments lost money.
The retirees, aged from 61 to 80 abducted James Amburn in an attempt to recover some of their lost money - more than £2.2m.
They kidnapped him from his home in western Germany and drove him 280 miles to southern Bavaria.
They tied him up with tape and gagged him, put him in a box in the boot of a car and drove him to a lakeside home, where they had carefully prepared a cell for him.
Along the way, they beat him up, breaking two ribs when he tried to flee during a stop.
Four of the five defendants pleaded guilty to charges including kidnapping and aggravated assault for abducting Mr Amburn from his home in the southern German city of Speyer in June.
The 74-year-old ringleader, Roland Kaspar, was sentenced to six years on prison.
The group held him in a house and forcing him to send an order to transfer around £1.8m to their accounts from his bank in Zurich, Switzerland, not knowing that there was no money left, officials said.
Mr Amburn was freed after four days captivity when he wrote a plea for help in a crude code - "Sell 100 Call Pol.ICE" - on the fax to his bank.
Police stormed the lakeside home within hours.
The defendants had argued that they had invited Mr Amburn for a short holiday in upper Bavaria.
Judge Karl Niedermeier said the group had taken justice into their own hands "spectacularly,and called the crime insidious and deceitful.