''I found nothing in my investigation which caused me to question Senator McCain's integrity,'' said Robert Bennett, the Washington lawyer who was special counsel to the ethics panel during what is called the Keating Five investigation. Mr. Bennett, more recently, has been one of President Clinton's lawyers.
Senator McCain had taken $112,000 in Keating-related campaign donations, trips aboard Mr. Keating's corporate jet and family vacations at the executive's Bahamas hideaway. While legal, these gifts made his attendance at the meetings with federal regulators all the more questionable. (The other four senators had also taken large contributions from Mr. Keating, some of them far more than Mr. McCain.)
Before the controversial meetings, Mr. Keating had called Senator McCain a wimp, because he would not intervene for him more aggressively with the regulators, and the two men never spoke to each other again. And once the regulators told the senators that there was a criminal referral on the Keating case, Mr. McCain dropped the matter entirely. (Mr. Keating was eventually convicted on state and federal fraud charges and served four years in prison. He now lives in Arizona.)
But Senator McCain was the only Republican embroiled in the affair, and Democrats on the panel would not release him, even at the urging of his friend Mr. Rudman, who was then a senator and the senior Republican on the committee.
''McCain was going to remain their Republican hostage, no matter what,'' Mr. Rudman wrote in his memoir, ''Combat.'' The ethics investigation took two years to complete, which taught Mr. McCain he could not rely on the go-along-get-along ethos of the Senate in an era of growing partisan rancor.