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  1. #351
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    The explorer is widely thought of as an exploiter today, and didn’t know east from west. But a version of his boastful missive is expected to fetch up to £1.2m at auction

    In 1493, Christopher Columbus wrote a letter that would change the landscape of the modern world. “I sailed to the Indies with the fleet that the illustrious King and Queen, our sovereigns, gave me, where I discovered a great many islands, inhabited by numberless people,” he wrote after his return to Europe to royal treasurer Luis de Santángel. “Of all, I have taken possession for their Highnesses.”

    The events relayed in the letter were “the first report of a voyage that really did change the world”, says Columbus biographer Professor Felipe Fernández-Armesto.

    Now a rare 1493 Latin translation of this letter, printed on an early printing press to swiftly convey news of Columbus’s “discoveries” to elite Europeans, is expected to fetch up to £1.2m ($1.5m) at a Christie’s auction this month.

    “[In current times] Columbus has lost his former status as an honorary all-American hero and quasi-founding father, but notoriety rarely hurts one’s market value, especially in the US. Witness Donald Trump,” says Fernández-Armesto.

    Columbus had no idea that, at the time, he was the first European since the Vikings to encounter North America – he thought he had travelled to islands near Japan. But his voyage created, for the first time, “a viable, commercially exploitable route” across the Atlantic and opened up communications between long-sundered cultures on either side of the ocean, Fernández-Armesto says.

    The letter praises the rich natural assets of the islands Columbus encountered, and he portrays the “extraordinarily timid” native people he met there as “so unsuspicious and so generous” they are “like fools”. It is now seen by historians as a piece of propaganda that heralds the start of the European colonisation of the New World.

    By exploiting the resources of this apparently “new” hemisphere, European countries would finally start to catch up with China, Islamic nations and India in power and wealth – while also enslaving and exploiting people all over the globe. “Like him or not, you can’t deny Columbus’s importance,” Fernández-Armesto says.

    The document has been in a private Swiss collection for nearly a century and is described by Christie’s as “the earliest obtainable edition of Columbus’s letter”, whose international publication triggered one of the first “media frenzies” for the printed word.

    “The significance of the letter is its wide diffusion, thanks to the printing press,” says Professor Geoffrey Symcox from the University of California, Los Angeles. Using what was then cutting-edge technology, the Spanish crown sent copies to the courts of Europe to stake Spain’s claim,says Symcox. “The news circulated rapidly, not just through diplomatic channels but mercantile channels as well.”

    The impact of the text demonstrates just how good Columbus was at public relations, according to the Cuban-American medieval historian Professor Teo Ruiz: “He made sure everybody knew what he had done: that he had reached the islands of the Indies [a collective term for India and the Far East] by sailing westwards. Which, of course, was not true.”

    Earlier explorers had been unwilling to sail west because they didn’t dare risk being unable to return home. But Columbus, who was the son of a weaver and self-taught as an explorer, had made a series of wild calculations without standardising measurements, and concluded the world was 25% smaller than it is. He then convinced the Spanish monarchs, King Ferdinand II and Isabella I, to provide him with a fleet of ships so he could sail west and find a new sea route to Asia, which would prevent Portugal from having a monopoly on the spice trade.

    In a classic case of confirmation bias, as soon as he reached land, he claimed to be in the far east. In fact, he had arrived in the West Indies. Then he visited Cuba, Haiti and San Domingo. “He just bumped into these islands. He did not know and could not even imagine they were there,” says Ruiz.

    An intrepid sailor, Columbus had managed to capitalise on the Earth’s prevailing winds by charting a south-western course to the American continent via the Canary Islands. In doing so, he unwittingly demonstrated how following winds offered new opportunities for long-range navigation and trade, initiating what became known as “the Columbian Exchange”: the irreversible transfer of people, flora, fauna, diseases, ideas and commodities across the Atlantic.

    “What he did achieve, he didn’t recognise he’d done,” says Professor William Phillips, a Columbus expert at the University of Minnesota. As for Columbus’s letter, “it was self-promotion and propaganda” – a 15th-century example of fake news.

    It also marks one of the earliest appearances of the “noble savage” archetype. Columbus’s letter, Symcox says, portrays the naked Indigenous people he meets as “guileless innocents living a simple life in the forest – and thus ripe for the civilising mission that Europeans took upon themselves in their dealings with peoples in the Americas and Africa”.

    Later, as a brutal colonial governor and viceroy, Columbus would systematically exploit the Taíno people of the Caribbean, forcing them to mine gold and deliver quotas on pain of harsh punishment. Hundreds were enslaved by Columbus and shipped to Spain to be sold, and others were massacred or subjected to extreme violence and cruelty.

    Some also caught deadly diseases such as smallpox and measles, brought by the Spaniards. It is estimated that, within a few decades of Columbus’ arrival, most of the Taíno had died from enslavement, massacre or disease.

    Now the darker side of the European intrusion into the Americas is better known, Phillips says, Columbus has come to be seen by historians as “the first of the exploiters rather than the first of the explorers”.

    In the US, Columbus statues and monuments have been torn down and vandalised, and many states no longer recognise Columbus Day, a federal holiday, choosing instead to celebrate Indigenous Peoples’ Day.

    Columbus Letter Sells at Auction for $3.9M


    Keep your friends close and your enemies closer.

  2. #352
    Thailand Expat DrWilly's Avatar
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    Gosh, that was really strange news.

  3. #353
    Hangin' Around cyrille's Avatar
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    I'm still coming to terms with this utterly bizarre occurrence.

  4. #354
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    Quote Originally Posted by DrWilly View Post
    Gosh, that was really strange news.
    ¡Hola! climate denier

    Seems your BBQed butt is still stinging after I handed it to you months ago.


  5. #355
    Hangin' Around cyrille's Avatar
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    I heard there's gonna be some people dressed up as ghosts and monsters on Tuesday night.

    Pretty weird - you'd better be ready with the c&p machine.

  6. #356
    Thailand Expat DrWilly's Avatar
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    Quote Originally Posted by S Landreth View Post
    ¡Hola! climate denier

    Seems your BBQed butt is still stinging after I handed it to you months ago.


    Yes, that’s exactly it.

  7. #357
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    the climate denier is still hurting

    get over it looser


  8. #358
    Thailand Expat DrWilly's Avatar
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    Quote Originally Posted by S Landreth View Post
    the climate denier is still hurting

    get over it looser


    Try spelling it with one o




    But tool has two



  9. #359
    Thailand Expat DrWilly's Avatar
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    Quote Originally Posted by S Landreth View Post
    ¡Hola! climate denier

    Seems your BBQed butt is still stinging after I handed it to you months ago.
    you made a couple nasty posts about me on a cut and paste mega thread I don’t read.

    you think that equals an ass whopping?



  10. #360
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    your butt hurt must be bad


  11. #361
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    Whether dreaming of a white Christmas or simply pondering how best to rearrange the furniture, humans are able to conjure up myriad situations that are not in front of us. Now it seems rats may be able to do something similar.

    Researchers have found that rats can navigate their way through a space they have previously explored using their thoughts alone, suggesting the rodents have some sort of imagination.

    Chongxi Lai, the first author of the study from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, said the study was the first to show animals can, at will, flexibly activate the brain’s representations of places that are distant from where they currently are.

    “This is a fundamental building block of a specific type of imagination, one that enables us to project ourselves into the past or future, within a certain scenario,” he said.

    Writing in the journal Science, the researchers note that a region of the brain called the hippocampus contains a sort of mental model, or map, depicting previously explored environments. When an individual moves through specific locations within such an environment, particular neurons fire in the brain.

    However, humans can, at will, imagine navigating their way through places they have previously visited – for example the corridors of a workplace.

    To explore whether rats can do the same, and unpick a possible mechanism, researchers employed a brain-machine interface in which electrodes were surgically implanted into the rats’ brains. The rats were then placed on a treadmill ball within a 360-degree immersive virtual reality (VR) arena, and presented with an on-screen goal to run towards.

    As the rats moved, and the treadmill ball turned, the animal’s apparent location within the VR environment updated on screen – as if the rat was running through a real environment. When the rats reached the goal, they received a treat and the goal was moved within the VR environment. The process was then repeated.

    During this initial phase, the team recorded the activity within the animals’ hippocampus. They then used a computer system to translate this neural activity to specific locations within the VR environment.

    In the next step, the researchers decoupled the treadmill from the VR system. This meant the rats could not reach the goal by running on the treadmill. Instead, they could only use their brain activity to navigate through the VR environment.

    By analysing the activity in rats’ hippocampus in real time during the task, the team were able to update the screen every 100 milliseconds with the animals’ current location in the VR environment, based on what was happening in their brain.

    The results reveal the rats could indeed navigate to the goal using just their brain activity.

    In a subsequent experiment, the team gave the rats a “Jedi task” in which the animals themselves were stationary but had to direct an object on the screen to a particular goal within the VR environment using only their brain activity. Once again, the rats were able to do so.

    Prof Tim Harris, another author of the work at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, said it was thought that in humans, imagination and recall is linked to activity in the hippocampus similar to that which occurs in the real-life scenario.

    “To this end, it is fair to say the rats do imagine,” he said.

  12. #362
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    I walked 922 miles across Antarctica, solo, in 70 days





    It started with a half marathon, when I was at university in London in 2011. I then progressed to marathons and ultramarathons, doing a different event each year. I’d wanted to do something big for a while, but didn’t know what. In the summer of 2018, someone suggested an Antarctica expedition. At first I thought: not a chance.

    But the idea stayed in my mind. In April the next year, I ran the Marathon des Sables, a 156-mile ultra marathon in the Sahara Desert. I thought: if I can do that, then I can do Antarctica.

    I decided I wanted to do a solo polar ski expedition across Antarctica. To get some experience, I did a two-week polar expedition training course in February 2020. We learned all the basics: how to camp in the snow, how to pull a sled and what clothing to wear. Later that year, I did a training course in Greenland.

    Soon after that, I put my application in with an Antarctic expeditions and logistics company. You’re on the ice solo, but they organise all the logistics and provide support and backup.

    They rejected my first application because I didn’t have enough experience. Instead, I broke it down into two trips. Phase one was 700 miles from Hercules Inlet to the south pole across Antarctica, which I started in November 2021 and completed in January 2022. That gave me enough experience to attempt phase two, which was about 1,100 miles, travelling coast to coast across Antarctica.

    I only had food and fuel, a tent, my sleeping bag, a repair kit, goggles, face masks, gloves and a medical kit. I only took necessities. I didn’t even take a hairbrush – it took six weeks to untangle my hair when I got home.

    The first few days were rough. The winds were about 60mph, and my sled weighed 120kg. I remember thinking: it’s going to get easier. But it didn’t. Even if the visibility is good, you can’t see much – it’s a white horizon. Without a compass, you could go in any direction. It’s physically difficult, but it’s also mentally difficult, as it doesn’t feel like you’re moving towards anything.

    I was on the move for 13 to 15 hours a day and getting four to five hours of sleep a night. I’d melt snow in a pot on a portable stove to heat up my freeze-dried meals, such as pasta bolognese. I had a hot chocolate every day. On my first expedition, I craved sweets, so for this trip I took 25 pieces of Haribo.

    It’s amazing how you can get used to being on your own for so long. I had a satellite phone, which I used to call my partner and the logistics company every day to let them know I was OK. I also had voice notes from friends and family, which I listened to on hard days. I’d downloaded them before I left – they were poems, memories and stories. There was one from my 11-year-old niece. It was special to hear her voice. I had messages written in my tent, too. One said: “Remember to enjoy it.” It’s funny how many times I rolled my eyes at that.

    Compared with my first trip, I found the conditions to be much worse. There was more sastrugi, ridges of hard snow caused by wind, and it felt colder. I was also pulling more weight on my sled, because it was a longer trip. As a result, I fell behind schedule. In the end, I covered 922 miles and fell more than 100 miles short of my goal. The last 40 hours were really hard. I fell over about 14 times every two hours.

    Towards the end of my trip, the logistics company flew to pick me up. They had been waiting there for four days by the time I reached them. The relief I felt when I saw the dot in the distance was unbelievable. When I got to the plane, I bawled my eyes out. They handed me a cheese and salami sandwich, a cola and some pain relief.

    It took me a while to be proud of what I’d achieved, because I had failed to reach my initial goal, but I’ve learned it’s OK to move the goalposts. Antarctica is an incredible place. I don’t agree with the idea of conquering somewhere. You treat places with respect and hope they’ll allow you safe passage.
    Last edited by S Landreth; 04-11-2023 at 08:46 AM.

  13. #363
    Thailand Expat DrWilly's Avatar
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    Very strange news.

  14. #364
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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  15. #365
    Thailand Expat DrWilly's Avatar
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    keep telling yourself that. does it make you feel better?

  16. #366
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    It does, climate denier. Making sure everyone knows who will open the thread that your butt was handed to you and it's still stinging.


  17. #367
    Thailand Expat DrWilly's Avatar
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    Wrong on two counts in one sentence. How sad.

  18. #368
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    you are still so bothered, climate denier


  19. #369
    Thailand Expat DrWilly's Avatar
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    You're a complete nutbag, carry on.

  20. #370
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    climate denier can't let it go



  21. #371
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    A new rule from the American Ornithological Society (AOS) will cause reverberations around the birding world, and create new names for hundreds of species. The society says it has engaged in conversations with the community of birders, and will focus on first renaming the 70 to 80 species in the US and Canada that are named after people – or have names deemed offensive or exclusionary. Their efforts will start in 2024.

    This means Anna’s hummingbird, named after an Italian duchess, and Lewis’s woodpecker, named after explorer Meriwether Lewis, will change. The society drew particular attention to undoing birds whose names are tied to historical wrongs – as in the case of Townsend’s warbler, named after John Kirk Townsend, who robbed Indigenous graves of skulls in the 1800s. This isn’t the first effort in renaming; in 2020, the society changed the name of a bird that once referred to a Confederate army general, John P McCown, to the thick-billed longspur.

    The society says that in addition to decoupling birds from racist or inflammatory names, it also makes sense to help people understand the species: names that describe the bird, its habitat, its range, or something else about the species convey more information about the bird than a person’s name.

    “There is power in a name, and some English bird names have associations with the past that continue to be exclusionary and harmful today. We need a much more inclusive and engaging scientific process that focuses attention on the unique features and beauty of the birds themselves,” the AOS president, Colleen Handel, said in a statement. “Everyone who loves and cares about birds should be able to enjoy and study them freely – and birds need our help now more than ever.”

    Since 1886, the AOS and its predecessor, the American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU), have maintained a list of official English-language names for birds in North America (and more recently, South America). These names are widely used – but also often updated when new science comes to light, says the organization. Scientific names will not be changed.

    Nicholas Lund, a birder who works as outreach and network manager for Maine Audubon and writes a blog called the Birdist blog, says he’s thrilled.

    The impacts will be both minor and major, but only positive, he says: birders are used to bird names changing. That’s because it happens fairly often, either because the old name was inappropriate (oldsquaw became long-tailed duck) or, more often, because science improves our understanding of certain species, and split one species into several, which is what happened when the sooty grouse became dusky grouse and blue grouse; or the western scrub-jay split into the California scrub-jay and Woodhouse’s scrub-jay. “Birders have to and do absorb these changes.”

    But while birders are used to some names changing, this announcement brings a reconsideration on a scale unknown until now. “Bird names are meaningless – they’re just codes that we all agree on to describe something – but until now the power to decide those names was held by only a few white men hundreds of years ago,” said Lund.

    This means there’s a huge opportunity to figure out what names actually make sense for birds living today. “We can, for the first time, take a fresh look at what these birds should be called – what makes them unique or most easily separates them from other species. Never before have modern people been given the opportunity to debate this,” he said. “It’ll be a blast. We’ll get to look at these birds with fresh eyes, and it’ll certainly inspire us to think of these birds in new, fresh ways, and may ultimately work to raise interest and awareness.”

  22. #372
    Thailand Expat DrWilly's Avatar
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    birders are used to bird names changing. That’s because it happens fairly often
    strange

    /streɪn(d)ʒ/


    adjective


    • 1.
      unusual or surprising; difficult to understand or explain.
      "children have some strange ideas"
      2.not previously visited, seen, or encountered; unfamiliar or alien



    So therefore not strange.
    Last edited by DrWilly; 05-11-2023 at 09:49 AM.

  23. #373
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    climate denier can't let it go


  24. #374
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    A 1932 Pablo Picasso masterpiece has sold for $139m (£113m), the second highest price ever achieved for the artist, according to Sotheby's.

    Femme a la Montre (Woman with a Watch) also becomes the most valuable work sold at auction this year.

    It depicts Marie-Therese Walter, the French model who was also a lover of the Spanish artist, and the subject of many of his paintings.

    The work had been valued at $120m before it went to auction.

    It was previously owned by the late art collector Emily Fisher Landau, who bought it in 1968, and has been purchased by an anonymous buyer.

    Femme a la Montre is a portrait of Walter seated in a throne-like chair against a blue background.

    Known as Picasso's "golden muse", Walter was 17 when she met the 45-year-old Picasso in Paris, and the pair later entered into a secret relationship while he was still married to Olga Khokhlova, a Ukrainian ballerina.

    Walter became the subject for many of Picasso's paintings, including the 1932 work Femme Nue Couchee (Nude Reclining Woman), which sold for $67.5m at auction in 2022.

    Picasso's most expensive painting to sell at auction was Les Femmes d'Alger (Women of Algiers), which fetched $179.3m at Christie's in 2015.

    Born in Malaga in 1881 and growing up in Barcelona, Picasso moved to Paris in 1904 and became one of the most important artists of the 20th century.

    He experimented with a wide range of styles and themes in his career, most notably inspiring "Cubism", which shows objects or people from many angles at the same time.

    In a career spanning eight decades he created about 150,000 pieces.

    He had four children and died in southern France in 1973, aged 92.

    Although his creative legacy was never in doubt, recent years have seen questions over his behaviour. He has been accused of cruelty, womanising and coercive behaviour.

  25. #375
    Guest Member S Landreth's Avatar
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    The post above must have passed the climate denier’s test

    Quote Originally Posted by DrWilly View Post


    [/COLOR]
    adjective

    1.
    surprising

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