Face refers to two separate but related concepts in
Chinese social relations. One is
mianzi (Chinese:
面子), and the other is
lian (Traditional Chinese: 臉, Simplified Chinese:
脸), which are both used commonly in everyday speech rather than in formal writings.
Lian is the confidence of society in a person's moral character, while
mianzi represents social perceptions of a person's
prestige. For a person to maintain face is important with Chinese social relations because face translates into power and influence and affects
goodwill. A loss of
lian would result in a loss of trust within a
social network, while a loss of
mianzi would likely result in a loss of
authority. To illustrate the difference, gossiping about someone stealing from a cash register would cause a loss of
lian but not
mianzi. Repeatedly interrupting one's boss as he is trying to speak may cause the boss a loss of
mianzi but not
lian.
When trying to avoid conflict, Chinese in general will avoid causing another person to lose
mianzi by not bringing up embarrassing facts in public. Conversely, when challenging authority and another person's standing within a community, Chinese will often attempt to cause a loss of
lian or
mianzi. A very public example of this occurred during the
Tiananmen protests of 1989 when
Wu'er Kaixi scolded Premier
Li Peng for being late to a meeting with the demonstrators, resulting in Li's loss of
mianzi because he was seen as either tardy or insincere about the meeting.
Notice that directly lying doesn't cause a loss of face. For example, if a reservation is cancelled by an airline, then they can lie that it is merely delayed. Inability to arrange the trip would cause a loss of face, while lying that it is delayed does not.[
citation needed] So-called "
polite lies" are perfectly acceptable, and even expected.
Similar concepts also exist in
Arabic,
Korean,
Malay,
Laotian,
Indian,
Japanese,
Vietnamese and
Thai cultures. See also
embarrassment in Western cultures.