Newsletter 40: Beijing and the Turkic Uyghur Threat
Hello again dear readers,
In this issue of my periodic newsletter I want to go into the deep background to
a little-known role of US intelligence, the CIA to be more precise, in infiltrating
China’s Uyghur Muslim population over a period of decades. Recent Western
mainstream media and US Congress members have made allegations that
Beijing has created internment camps in China’s western Xinjiang Province
where an estimated 11 million Muslim Uyghurs live. While Beijing vehemently
denies interring one million Uyghurs, the charges are serving to increasingly
demonize China as an “enemy regime,” along with Russia, in Western media.
The recent chorus of attacks on Beijing over treatment of its Muslim minority in
Xinjiang conveniently ignores the relevant background to why Beijing is very
alarmed about its Muslim Uyghurs. One major reason is that there are an
estimated 5-18,000 Uyghurs fighting as Islamic Jihadists in Syria, and reportedly
being groomed to return to China to wage Jihad against the government in the
region which is the heart of China’s oil and gas pipeline networks and a hub for
the New Silk Road. The role of Turkey and the Erdogan government in
supporting what he calls “East Turkestan peoples” is at best unclear, at worst,
malicious. At this juncture, what is clear is that China’s Uyghur problem has its
roots in the decades of Saudi Wahhabite oil money financing CIA projects across
Asia on behalf of the Muslim Brotherhood and their terrorist spinoff groups
including Al Qaeda, Al Nusra Front in Syria and ISIS.
The following is taken from my recent best-selling book, “The Lost Hegemon:
Whom the Gods Would Destroy…” The book is available as are my other titles on
Amazon and in Kindle format as well.
As well I would ask you also to consider going to the Donate button at the top of
my website and making a contribution to support my continued publishing.
Warm regards,
F. William Engdahl
Frankfurt, Germany
The Lost Hegemon © F. William Engdahl
Chapter Twelve: A “Holy War” Against China
“The policy of guiding the evolution of Islam and of helping them against our adversaries worked
marvelously well in Afghanistan against the Russians. The same doctrines can still be used to
destabilize what remains of Russian power, and especially to counter the Chinese influence in
Central Asia.”1
—Graham E. Fuller, 1999, key CIA architect of US Islam strategy
Stirring Up Some Uyghur Muslims
In early 1979, months before the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, US National
Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski drafted a top-secret Presidential Order as
noted earlier. It was signed by President Jimmy Carter. The order authorized the
CIA to train fundamentalist Saudi and other Muslims to wage a Holy War, or Jihad
against the Soviet communist “infidels,” non-believers in the strict Islamic faith of
Sunni conservative Islam. The resulting Mujahideen terror war against Soviet
soldiers in Afghanistan was the largest covert action in CIA history, lasting almost
nine years before the Soviets retreated out of Afghanistan and, soon after, called
an end to the Cold War.2
Brzezinski’s strategy, which he called the “Arc of Crisis” strategy, was
basically to set aflame the Muslim populations of Soviet Central Asia in order to
destabilize the Soviet Union at a time of growing Russian economic crisis
internally.
In 1998, almost ten years later and well after the collapse of the Soviet
Union, in a triumphant interview in the French magazine Le Nouvel Observateur,
Brzezinski defended his deployment of fundamentalist Islamic radical terrorists in
Pakistan and Afghanistan. He revealed, for the first time, in that interview
(deliberately excluded from US editions of the magazine) that, whereas the Soviet
army invaded Afghanistan on December 24, 1979, some six months earlier, on July
3, 1979, President Carter had signed the first top secret directive, code-named
Operation Cyclone, for secret US aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in
Kabul. It was done on Brzezinski’s advice, correctly calculating that the secret
support of radical political Islamic fighters carrying the Sword of Islam would
induce the Soviets to invade. Washington wanted the Soviets to undergo their
own “Vietnam” defeat in Afghanistan.
Asked by Le Nouvel Observateur if he had regrets for having armed and
trained future Islamic terrorists, he snapped, “What is most important to the
history of the world? . . . Some stirred-up Moslems or the liberation of Central
Europe . . . ?”3
Since that time, some thirty-five years ago, the US Pentagon and CIA, or
definite hawkish factions within, had used radical political Islam—“some stirred up
Muslims”—around the world, in order to destabilize countries that stood in the
way of the Sole Superpower—the USA—and what President George H.W. Bush in
his September 11, 1991, speech called the “New World Order,” an American-run
totalitarian global order.
That covert use of political Islam or “Jihad” Islam by Western, especially US,
intelligence was largely either overlooked by US allies and other countries or not
understood for the danger it posed.
CIA and Xinjiang’s Uyghur Islamist Unrest
One of the major architects of Brzezinski’s Islamic Arc of Crisis strategy in 1979
and after was a career senior CIA Middle East specialist, Graham E. Fuller, a
specialist in “Islamic extremism,” also known as political Islamic Jihadism. In 1999,
Fuller wrote a policy paper for the RAND Corporation, a Pentagon-linked think
tank, in which he stated, “The policy of guiding the evolution of Islam and of
helping them against our adversaries worked marvelously well in Afghanistan
against the Russians. The same doctrines can still be used to destabilize what
remains of Russian power, and especially to counter the Chinese influence in
Central Asia [author’s emphasis—F.W.E.].”4
Fuller’s proposal had become fundamental US secret strategic policy by the
late 1990s. Washington’s policy of “weaponizing” and training radical Islamists
and establishing thousands of radical Islamist schools and madrassas across the
Middle East, Africa, and Central Asia, complete with CIA-translated radical school
books and Koran interpretations that fanned hatred of “infidels” or non-Sunni
Muslims, was to be directed at the emerging economic colossus of China and also
against a then weaker Russian foe.
With the chaos after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the beginning of the
1990s, the CIA rushed into the newly independent Central Asian republics to
immediately establish their presence, using as their proxy the veterans of the
Afghan Mujahideen wars. They flew Mujahideen Jihadists into Azerbaijan to get
control of the government for US and British oil companies.5 They brought
Mujahideen into Chechnya and the former Soviet Caucasus to wreak terror and
chaos there to block a Russian-Azeri oil pipeline and weaken a struggling Russia in
the Yeltsin era.
Less known, they also brought their Mujahideen Holy War veterans into
Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and even inside the borders of China’s largely Muslim
Xinjiang Province. Graham Fuller’s proposal was being secretly implemented
against China.
The 2009 Urumqi Riots
The effects of Fuller’s plan became bluntly obvious for the Beijing government in
2009, when Uyghur Islamist radicals began a wave of terror and violent attacks
against Han Chinese in Xinjiang, supported by CIA and CIA-financed front
organizations.
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, a strategic province at the heart of
China’s energy economy and crossroads for vital energy pipelines from
Kazakhstan, was also the world’s fourth largest concentration of ethnic Turkic
Muslim peoples with approximately eight million Uyghurs, Kazaks, and Kyrgyz in
Xinjiang.
That made Xinjiang a prime target for a carefully planned activation of a
pan-Turkic destabilization strategy developed by the CIA’s Graham Fuller and
others in Washington. Their aim was to foster the idea of a “New Ottoman (Turkic)
Caliphate,” or pan-Turkic theocracy, recalling the oppressive Ottoman Caliphate
that collapsed after the First World War. The CIA’s target Turkic countries or
provinces, in addition to Xinjiang and Turkey, were the Azeri populations of Iran
and Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Riots and unrest in Urumqi exploded with deadly violence on July 5, 2009.
The propaganda voice of Uyghur Muslims behind the riots was the World Uyghur
Congress (WUC), a strange exile group in Washington, DC, headed by wealthy
Xinjiang political operative Rebiya Kadeer, whose husband, Sidiq Rouzi, left China
for the United States to work for the US Government radio stations Radio Free
Asia and Voice of America, both known CIA front organizations.
Working together with the WUC was another exiled Uyghur, Erkin Alptekin.
Alptekin was founder and Honorary President of another strange group, the
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO). Just seven weeks
before the riots were triggered by the World Uyghur Congress call to protest, a US
NGO financed by the US government and a reported front for the CIA, namely the
National Endowment for Democracy (NED), held a conference in Washington
titled East Turkestan: 60 Years under Communist Chinese Rule. The conference
was cosponsored by Alptekin’s Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.
In brief, the Uyghur exile movement had become a CIA asset.6
Erkin Alptekin founded UNPO while working for the US Information
Agency’s official propaganda organization, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, as
Director of their Uygur Division and Assistant Director of the Nationalities
Services. Radio Liberty had been a propaganda instrument of the CIA and the US
State Department since the beginning of the Cold War.
The World Uyghur Congress played a key role to “trigger” the July 2009
riots. Their website wrote about an alleged violent attack on June 26 in China’s
southern Guangdong Province at a toy factory, where the WUC alleged that Han
Chinese workers attacked and beat to death two Uyghur workers for allegedly
raping or sexually molesting two Han Chinese women workers in the factory. On
July 1, the Munich office of the WUC issued a worldwide call for protest
demonstrations against Chinese embassies and consulates for the alleged
Guangdong attack, despite the fact they admitted the details of the incident were
unsubstantiated and filled with allegations and dubious reports.7
According to a press release they issued, it was that June 26 alleged attack
that gave the WUC the grounds to issue their worldwide call to action.
On July 5, a Sunday in Xinjiang, the WUC in Washington claimed that Han
Chinese armed soldiers seized any Uyghur they found on the streets, and,
according to official Chinese news reports, widespread riots and burning of cars
along the streets of Urumqi broke out, resulting over the following three days in
over 140 deaths.8
China’s official Xinhua News Agency said that protesters from the Uyghur
Muslim ethnic minority group began attacking ethnic Han pedestrians, burning
vehicles, and attacking buses with batons and rocks. “They took to the street . . .
carrying knives, wooden batons, bricks and stones,” they cited an eyewitness as
saying. The French AFP news agency quoted Alim Seytoff, general secretary of the
Uyghur American Association in Washington, as saying that, according to his
information, police had begun shooting “indiscriminately” at protesting crowds.9
There are two different versions of the same events: The Chinese
government and pictures of the riots indicated it was Uyghur riots and attacks on
Han Chinese residents that resulted in deaths and destruction. French official
reports put the blame on Chinese police “shooting indiscriminately.” Significantly,
the French AFP report relied on the NED-funded Uyghur American Association of
Rebiya Kadeer for its information.
The riots in Xinjiang, triggered by Washington-based Uyghur organizations,
broke out only days after a meeting took place of the member nations of the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization, as well as with Iran’s official observer guest,
President Ahmadinejad, in Yekaterinburg, Russia. There was a clear connection
between the Yekaterinburg meeting and the Uyghur riots. Washington was not at
all happy to see the nations of Eurasia cooperate.
A New “Turkic” Empire?
The CIA’s main tool to spread Islamist ideology in all the key Central Asian regions,
including in Xinjiang, after the Cold War was a reclusive Turkish former Imam
named Fethullah Gülen.
The CIA’s Graham E. Fuller was a main “sponsor” of Gülen. Fuller and
former CIA agent and US Ambassador to Turkey Morton Abramowitz enabled
Gülen to obtain permanent residence in Pennsylvania in the 1990s, over the
objections of the US State Department, FBI, and Department of Homeland
Security.10 The lawyers from the State Department at that court hearing even
claimed Gülen had ties to and was financed by the CIA as reason for denying him
US residency.11 Gülen’s organization, like most of the political Jihadist
organizations backed by the CIA since the Mujahideen in the 1980s, was also
alleged to finance its vast empire by dealing in the distribution of Afghanistan
heroin.12
The CIA’s Gülen Movement has a network covering the entire New Silk Road of China into Xinjiang.
Gülen, a vital asset of the CIA’s neoconservative faction that was out to
wreak chaos across China and Central Asia to Russia, Iran, and beyond, reportedly
was tied to Turkish heroin mafias smuggling Afghan heroin to the West.13
Sibel Edmonds was a former FBI Turkish-language translator who was
silenced by the US Justice Department from going public with her uncovering of a
deep network of money laundering, illegal drugs, and weapons dealings, including
nuclear weapons. She charged that the network she discovered from translating
secret FBI wiretapped conversations involved Gülen-affiliated Turkish police,
business networks, criminal rogue CIA agents, the State Department, and US
Defense Department neoconservative networks at high levels in Washington.
According to Edmonds, who brought a US Ohio Court case to force disclosure of
this criminal network, Gülen by 2013 had established
more than 300 madrassas in Central Asia and what he calls universities that
have a front that is called Moderate Islam, but he is closely involved in
training mujahideen-like militia Islam who are brought from Pakistan and
Afghanistan into Central Asia where his madrassas operate, and his
organization’s network is estimated to be around $25 billion.
It is supported by certain US authorities here because of the operations in
Central Asia, but what they have been doing since late 1990s is actually
radical Islam and militarizing these very, very young, from the age 14, 15, by
commandoes they use, and this is both commandoes from Turkish military,
commandoes from Pakistani ISI in Central Asia and Azerbaijan. After that
they bring them to Turkey, and from Turkey they send them through
Europe, to European and elsewhere.14
The Gülen Movement founded madrassas in the 1990s, mostly in the newly
independent Turkic republics of Central Asia and Russia. Gülen’s Central Asian
madrassas were used as training schools for al Qaeda and served as a front for
undercover CIA and US State Department officials operating in the region.15
One of Gülen’s protégé’s was Anwar Yusuf Turani, the person who took
over the East Turkistan Independence Movement from his exile in Washington, DC
after 2003. In 2004, Turani set up the “East Turkistan Government in Exile” and
was “elected” Prime Minister.16 It was not clear who exactly “elected” Turani.
Washington was clearly happy to give him a platform for his anti-Beijing activities
in Xinjiang.
Significantly, according to a report in a Turkish investigative magazine, Turk
Pulse, Turani’s organization’s “activities for the government in exile are based on a
report entitled ‘The Xinjiang Project.’ That was written by former senior CIA officer
Graham E. Fuller in 1998 for the Rand Corporation and revised in 2003 under the
title ‘The Xinjiang Problem.’” 17
In a 1999 interview, Anwar Yusuf Turani claimed that he received financial
support from wealthy patrons in Saudi Arabia, home of the ultraconservative
Wahhabite Sunni form of Islam that provided the core of Osama bin Laden’s
Jihadist Afghanistan Mujahideen terrorist guerrillas in the 1980s.18 Saudi
intelligence cooperated with the CIA in those global Islamist Jihad operations.
ETIM and CIA Jihad in Xinjiang
In the late 1990s, Hasan Mahsum, also known as Abu-Muhammad al-
Turkestani, founder of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, had moved ETIM’s
headquarters to Kabul, taking shelter under Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. In
Afghanistan, ETIM leaders met with Osama bin Laden and other leaders of the
CIA-trained Al Qaeda, the Taliban, and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan to
coordinate actions across Central Asia.19
Turkestan Islamic Party Seal—a Koran surrounded by two Scimitars.
In his own study of Xinjiang, the CIA’s Graham E. Fuller noted that Saudi
Arabian groups had disseminated extremist Wahhabi religious literature and
possibly small arms through sympathizers in Xinjiang, and that young Turkic
Muslims had been recruited to study at madrasas in Pakistan, Afghanistan and
Saudi Arabia. He adds that Uyghurs from Xinjiang also fought alongside Osama bin
Laden’s Al Qaeda in Afghanistan in the 1980s.
Fuller noted, “Uyghurs are indeed in touch with Muslim groups outside
Xinjiang, some of them have been radicalized into broader jihadist politics in the
process, a handful were earlier involved in guerrilla or terrorist training in
Afghanistan, and some are in touch with international Muslim mujahideen
struggling for Muslim causes of independence worldwide.”20
The goal of the various Islamist Jihad groups the CIA covertly backed,
beginning the time of the Afghan Mujahideen in the 1980s, was to spread a cancer
of radical Islamic terror and fanaticism to displace the tradition of moderate,
peaceful Islam across Central Asia and into Xinjiang, as the earlier cited statement
from the CIA’s Graham E. Fuller indicated.
ETIM Joins with IMU
The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU ), allies of the East Turkestan Islamic
Movement, were tied with Al Qaeda of Osama bin Laden. They also incorporated
Uyghurs from Xinjiang in their battles, giving them vital combat training to return
to Xinjiang to wage Jihad inside China.21
After the chaotic collapse of Soviet rule in the early 1990s, the initial focus
of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan was grabbing control of the vital Fergana
Valley spread across eastern Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Returning
Afghan war veteran and Uzbek paratrooper Jumaboi Khojayev, radicalized by his
contact with Osama bin Laden’s Saudi Jihad Islamist fighters, joined with Tohir
Yuldashev to form a radical Salafist Islamist group in Namangan which they called
Adolat (“Justice”). They seized control of the civil government in Namangan and
quickly imposed Sharia Law, which was ruthlessly enforced by Adolat’s vigilantes.
Adolat was initially tolerated by the newly installed President Karimov.
When Adolat demanded that Karimov impose Sharia throughout Uzbekistan in
1992, Karimov moved to outlaw Adolat and reestablish central control over the
Fergana Valley region—traditionally one of the most militant Islamic regions in
Central Asia. The IMU received large sums of money from patrons in Saudi Arabia,
reportedly close to then chief of Saudi Intelligence Prince Turki al-Faisal.22 The
triangle of CIA and Saudi intelligence financing Jihadist Islamic groups was to
appear again and again.
Fethullah Gülen’s madrassas and Islamist schools were all over Uzbekistan
at the same time, many harboring dozens of CIA agents posing as “English
teachers.”23 It was Graham Fuller’s strategy being implemented across Central
Asia. Both Russia and China were the ultimate targets.
Significantly, there was a large Uyghur exile Muslim population with offices
in Istanbul, where Fethullah Gülen’s Hizmat, or movement, at the time was deeply
entrenched within the government of Islamist Recep Erdoğan. According to the
Turkish journal TurkPulse, “One of the main tools Washington is using in this affair
in order to get Turkey involved in the Xinjiang affair are some Turkish Americans,
primarily Fetullah Gulen.”24 The Uyghurs in Turkey were actively engaged in
promoting East Turkestan autonomy and separatism.25
………..
The Uyghur Muslim riots—incited by Rebiya Kadeer’s World Uyghur
Congress, Anwar Yusuf Turani’s East Turkistan Independence Movement, and the
Turkestan Islamic Party—were all deployed to maximize destabilization and unrest
throughout China’s vital energy hub in Xinjiang. But the focus of Graham Fuller’s
friends at the CIA and State Department went far beyond the borders of Xinjiang.
Over time, they deployed political Islam cults in Pakistan to disrupt major Chinesefinanced
infrastructure, in Myanmar to disrupt the vital China-Myanmar energy
infrastructure, and across the Middle East and Africa, from Sudan to Libya to Syria,
to be in a position to choke off, at will, China’s vital oil and gas lifelines.
“New Silk Road” of Eurasia
In September 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping made a major tour of Central
Asian countries to announce Chinese plans to build a New Silk Road across Central
Asia.
The plans included more natural gas for Chinese industry from
Turkmenistan, requiring construction of a new branch line for the Central Asia-
China gas pipeline, which will also include Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Xi Jinping
spoke of building an “economic belt along the Silk Road,” a trans-Eurasian project
spanning from the Pacific Ocean to the Baltic Sea. It would, he said in a speech in
Astana in Kazakhstan, create an economic belt inhabited by “close to 3 billion
people and [would represent] the biggest market in the world with unparalleled
potential.”26
In his Turkmenistan visit on the same tour, Xi secured the transnational
Turkmenistan-China gas pipeline that would go along the route from
Turkmenistan to Uzbekistan–Tajikistan–Kyrgyzstan on to China. Beijing’s only
problem was that the Central Asia-China gas pipeline and other pipelines, power
lines, and transport networks all ran through the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous
Region. Xinjiang was targeted by Washington in an ongoing destabilization
campaign using Graham Fuller’s friends and their Islamic Jihadist terror bands as
their proxies.
As such strategic economic moves by China, potentially positive moves that
could lift the largest part of the world’s population into a more prosperous
economic life, went forward, certain powerful interest groups in the West—
banking, industrial, military, and political—came to view Beijing, only a decade or
so earlier the “great friend” of America, now as the new emerging Great Enemy.
An Asia Pivot military shift was announced by President Obama to refocus US
military activities on blocking that growing Chinese influence.
A central part of their strategy to derail China and its growing Eurasian
presence would be the increased deployment of Islamic fundamentalism of the
Gülen, Al Qaeda, and Muslim Brotherhood kind against China, Russia, and all
Eurasia, the one space that Zbigniew Brzezinski in his famous book The Grand
Chessboard called the only possible challenge to America’s future hegemony and
dominance.
To understand how that had evolved to the situation of such a threat today
it is important to go into the historical roots of political Islam and its emergence
after the First World War and after.
Endnotes:
1 Richard Labeviere, Dollars for Terror: The United States and Islam, Algora Publishing, 2000,
p. 6.
2 Zbigniew Brzezinski, Ex-National Security Chief Brzezinski admits: Afghan Islamism Was
Made in Washington, interview in “Le Nouvel Observateur,” Paris, January 15–21, 1998, p.
76, translated by Bill Blum, accessed in
404 Not Found542984/posts Notably, according to the American author Bill Blum, “There are at least
two editions of ‘Le Nouvel Observateur.’ With apparently the sole exception of the Library of
Congress, the version sent to the United States is shorter than the French version. The
Brzezinski interview was not included in the shorter version.”
3 Ibid.
4 Richard Labeviere, op. cit.
5 Christoph Germann, The New Great Game Roundup No. 12, accessed in
Christoph Germann: The New Great Game Round-Up #12
6 F. William Engdahl, Washington is Playing a Deeper Game with China, Global Research.ca,
July 11, 2009, accessed in
http://www.globalresearch.ca/washing...-a-deepergame-with-china/14327
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Sibel Edmonds, Boston Terror CIAs Graham Fuller and NATO CIA Operation Gladio B
Caucasus and Central Asia, Boiling Frogs Post, April 27, 2013, accessed in
http://www.boilingfrogspost.com/2013...or-ciasgraham-fuller-nato-cia-operation-gladio-b-caucasus-central-asia/
11 Mizgîn, Gülen, the CIA and the American Deep State, Rastibini Blogspot, June 29, 2008,
accessed in
Rastî: GÜLEN, THE CIA, AND THE AMERICAN DEEP STATE
12 David Livingstone, Uighur Nationalism Turkey and the CIA, July 31, 2009, accessed in
http://www.terrorism-illuminati.com/...6#.UvjvNLQtqZQ
13 Ibid.
14 Sibel Edmonds, BEFORE THE OHIO ELECTIONS COMMISSION: DEPOSITION IN THE MATTER
OF JEAN SCHMIDT, Plaintiff, vs. DAVID KRIKORIAN, Defendant, Case No. 2009E-003, August
8, 2009, accessed in
http://christophgermann.blogspot.de/2013/05/chinas-central-asiaproblem.html
15 Gillian Norman-Jilinda, Beijing Olympics False Flag Attack, 8 August 2008, accessed in
http://rense.com/general82/bej.htm
16 Website, The Government-in-Exile of East Turkestan Republic, accessed in
Untitled Page
17 Gillian Norman-Jilinda, op. cit.
18 Dru C. Gladney, and S. Frederick Starr, Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland, Armonk, New
York, 2004, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, pp. 388–389.
19 Wikipedia, East Turkestan Islamic Movement, accessed in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tu...lamic_Movement
20 Graham E. Fuller and S. Frederick Starr, The Xinjiang Problem, Central Asia-Caucasus
Institute at Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins
University, pp. 29–37.
21 Wikipedia, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, accessed in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic..._of_Uzbekistan
22 Ramtanu Maitra, Drug Infested Ferghana Valley Target of the Axis of Three Devils, 01
August 2010, accessed in
Drug-Infested Ferghana Valley: Target of the Axis of Three Devils
23 Sibel Edmonds, Additional Omitted Points in CIA-Gulen coverage & A Note from “The
Insider,” Boiling Frogs Post, January 11, 2011, accessed in
http://www.boilingfrogspost.com/2011...gulencoverage-a-note-from-%E2%80%98the-insider%E2%80%99/
24 David Livingstone, op. cit.
25 Graham E. Fuller, op. cit., p. 46.
26 Wu Jiao and Zhang Yunbi, Xi proposes a new Silk Road with Central Asia, China Daily,
September 8, 2013, accessed in
China Daily Website - Connecting China Connecting the World09/08/content_16952304.htm